Brave New World By Aldous Huxley - 1519 Words

1. Brave New World by Aldous Huxley †¢ Average rating on goodreads.com: 3.94/5 †¢ Synopsis: This story takes place in London, England, the United States and Mexico in the year 2540. In this so-called â€Å"Utopia†, the state has all control, it is a complete dictatorship. Babies are not born, they are artificially created and everyone is belonging to one of five distinct classes; Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta and Epsilon. The young are brainwashed into becoming happy with their predetermined role in society. People are psychologically conditioned in their sleep and told not to love, but rather to have sex for fun. Also, a drug called Soma is used to make people feel no pain and it has no repercussions. This book does not exactly follow a solid plot however, later on in the novel characters from the New World and Savage reservations are introduced. The differences in ways of life between the New World and the remaining Savage Reservations are showcased. †¢ Theme: One main theme is the possible dangerous of a state controlled society. Another is the battle between being happy and recognizing the truth. †¢ Awards and Achievements: ï‚ « American Academy of Arts and Letters Award of Merit – 1959 †¢ Reviews: o â€Å"Brave New World is an enduring masterpiece of classic science fiction, a bleak future vision as concerning today as it must have been over 80 years ago.† – Antony Jones, SFBook Reviews †¢ Personal Reflection: This is a science fiction novel and I am not a fan of science fiction. ThisShow MoreRelatedA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley668 Words   |  3 PagesIn Brave New World, there are similarities that have a deeper meaning that we can understand. There are personal effects in Aldous Huxley life that contribute to what he has written in the book. Aldous Huxley throughout his life have seen, done, and events have happened to him, just like all of us, but he has expressed it in his book. So when Aldous wrote the he had so many ideas. I have read the book; it’s notRead MoreBrave New World by Aldous Huxley811 Words   |  3 Pages Brave New World is based around characters who gave up the right of freedom for happiness; characters who ignored the truth so that they could live in a utopian civilization. The deceiving happiness was a constant reminder throughout the book. Almost every character in Brave New World did whatever they could to avoid facing the truth about their own situations. In this society, happiness is not compatible with the truth because the World State believes that happiness was at the expense of theRead MoreBrave New World By Aldous Huxley1525 Words   |  7 PagesA Brave New Feminist The novel Brave New World written by Aldous Huxley in 1932 is known for its social satire, utopian values, and unusual standpoints on stereotypical gender roles. In this time where futuristic technology has completely taken over, and men and women are given the same opportunities for everything, â€Å"the genders appear equal within the social order; both men and women work at the same jobs, have equal choice in sexual partners, and participate in the same leisure pursuits† (MarchRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley664 Words   |  3 Pagesfor the fact being in the future and in the past time has changed and many differences were made. In his Dystopian Society Huxley portrays masses of niches where the government produces clones for specific reasons. Huxley decides throughout Brave New World that cloning humans is unethical. He then becomes in contact with the society’s most powerful Alphas and Betas clones. Huxley suggest in BNW that lower class groups in clo ning humans to act like servants to terrorize them into working hard conditionsRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley1189 Words   |  5 Pages In the world of sex, drugs, and baby cloning you are going to be in many situations where you feel like the world we live in should be different. In the story Brave New World, they had sex with multiple partners along with a very bad use of drugs. It is weird that Aldous Huxley wrote this book in 1931 about the world he was living in during that time and how it is similar to the world we live in today. Nowadays, drugs are still being used and people are still engaging in sexual encounters withRead MoreBrave New World By Aldous Huxley968 Words   |  4 PagesAldous Huxley’s utopia in Brave New World foreshadowed and illuminated the complications within modern day society. Upon its release, the narrative became widely banned all over the United States due to the unorthodox thoughts and actions of multiple characters in it. Early readers, as well as modern day audiences, feared and rejected the ideals that Huxley incorporated into his perfect society; however, our society today is heading towards the dark paths the older generations desired to avoid. Read MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley895 Words   |  4 Pagesthe novel Brave New World, Aldous Huxley tells of a society where everyone is the same but, compared to t oday’s society, everything is different. Huxley tells of a world where everything that happens or takes place is because of one’s own desire and nothing more. The hero in the novel, a â€Å"savage† named John, is Huxley’s main focal point. It is through his eyes and mind that the reader sees what’s going on. Now when I read this novel, I began to think, â€Å"Could this perfect, conformed world actuallyRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley1684 Words   |  7 Pagesimperfect world and is usually only a hopeful dream. These types of worlds can greatly be described in detail through the world of science fiction. Aldous Huxley was an English writer who lived during a time when war and chaos were engulfing the world. His works reflect his view and thoughts on a dystopia, which is a false utopia, and describes what could occur in possible governments of the world. The ability to understand and dive into the thoughts of the author is what make s world literatureRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley614 Words   |  2 Pagesthem truly happy. What if someone were to tell you that what you thought was true happiness was all an illusion. In a Brave New World by Aldous Huxley people in the world state are conditioned and drugged up by soma to not experience true happiness. In a world that is perfect, human beings do not have to depend on drugs to keep our world in balance. In a Brave New World by Aldous Huxley there is always a perfect drug called soma that keeps everyone happy, which they have based their society on. ThisRead MoreA Brave New World by Aldous Huxley948 Words   |  4 PagesWelcome to a world were â€Å"Brave† is not just a word; It has a true meaning. This is a story were everything as you know it, doesn’t seem to be right and will completely change your way of thinking. When this story was written, life was very harsh for many people†¦.Mostly for the author who wrote â€Å"Brave New World† During this time (1930s) they didn’t have much sexual content Living The Future Of The Past In The Present†¦.. In the air; But Aldous made a future full of sex for them and we are the

Reflection On Solitary Self Reflection - 864 Words

PD7 Assignment 3 jrmarion Reflection: During their lengthy times of solitary self-reflection, both Gina and Malik were both able to thoroughly reflect on their actions at work and how they affected each other and their teammates/ fellow co-workers. While Gina was self-reflecting she decided to try and put herself in Malik’s shoes. She realised that she might have got the wrong idea of him and should talk to him in an open and safe way about how they could more effectively work and communicate together. Similarly Malik thought about how he should handle talking to Gina about their new project and how Gina and he were not seeing eye-to-eye on some things. He also thought about how he could politely ask Gina to stop spreading office gossip that she had been spreading without making it seem like he knew she was the one who had been spreading it without explicitly blaming it on her. Dialogue: The next week at work after both Gina and Malik’s groups started working together; Gina approached Malik at his desk in the morning. She asked him how his weekend was, politely, and he replied by telling her how he went out on his sailboat for a nice ride around the lake at his cottage. Gina then asked him if he was available later in the afternoon to talk about how they could work more effectively on their project together. Malik was glad that she had brought this up because he had been meaning to talk to her as well. Malik suggested they go for a walk after lunch both so as to get someShow MoreRelated Female Rebellion In Aurora Leigh and The Lady in the Looking-Glass724 Words   |  3 PagesVictorian and early Modernism were restricted from education at universities or the financial independence of professionalism. In both ages, women writers often rebelled against perceived female expectations as a result of their oppression. To lead a solitary life as a subservient wi fe and mother was not satisfactory for writers like Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Virginia Woolf. One of the most popular female poets of the Victorian era, Elizabeth Barrett Browning, illustrated a womans struggle toRead More Theme of William Wordsworth as a Prophet in Tintern Abbey1494 Words   |  6 Pagesabout its imaginative creation. Like Christianity, the romantic utopian ideologeme is an individual or solitary quest. Perhaps because of the failure of the French Revolution to materialize a fitting political agent, this ideological transformation is depicted as an individual task. Although Wordsworth traverses this faulted earth and Must hear Humanity in fields and groves / Pipe solitary anguish (Prospectus 76-77), he claims, ... even these/ Hearing, I be not downcast or forlorn! (ProspectusRead More The Use of Mirrors in The Scarlet Letter Essay1188 Words   |  5 Pages The Use of Mirrors in The Scarlet Letter nbsp; Life is for each man, states Eugene ONeill, a solitary cell whose walls are mirrors. In other words, one can fool himself, but a mirror reflects only the truth. In Nathaniel Hawthornes The Scarlet Letter, mirrors are used as a literary device to convey a message. Dimmesdale, Chillingworth, Hester, and Pearl each judge themselves with mirrors.nbsp; Through the use of mirrors, The Scarlet Letter provides an insight into the faults, or lackRead MoreCan Mindfulness Be Used For Enhance Learning?1618 Words   |  7 Pagesimplementation of mindfulness practices. At its essence, mindfulness is about developing a focused state of mind through a process of directing and controlling thoughts and thought patterns at a specific time. 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Ritualized practices can convey meaning in different ways to the community when experienced together or create an effective atmosphere when tailored for solitary reflection by an

Do individuals hold ‘romantic’ views of teamwork Free Essays

Abstract Teamwork is now common practise among organisations. Advocates suggest that working in a team boosts performance, as each member of the team brings their own individual knowledge and skill set to the table. However, a paradox exists within the teamwork literature; whilst the belief in the effectiveness of teamwork is high among managers and employees; actual benefits to productivity remain unproven in empirical research. We will write a custom essay sample on Do individuals hold ‘romantic’ views of teamwork? or any similar topic only for you Order Now This phenomenon has been dubbed ‘the romance of teams’ (Allen Hecht, 2004) and may stem from the psychological, rather than instrumental benefits of teamwork. Allen and Hecht point to the wide-scale use of teamwork as evidence for such romanticised views of teamwork. This study focused specifically on teamwork and creativity, and sought to identify whether individuals do actually hold positive perceptions of teamwork. A survey of 40 participants in employment or full-time study solicited respondent’s views of the relationship between teamwork and creativity, and leant support to Allen and Hecht’s concept. What is less clear are the conditions and circumstances surrounding perceptions of teamwork and creativity. Introduction Broadly speaking, teamwork has been defined in the work psychology literature as the actions of individuals brought together for a common goal, which prioritises the needs of the group above the needs of the individual (Cohen Bailey, 1997; Hackman, 1987, as cited in Paulus 2000). The popularity of teamwork has risen steadily since its inception in the 1960’s, to the point that collaborative work is now common practise in organisations. It stems from the logical assumption that most tasks require multiple skills and a knowledge base wider than that of any one individual (Paulus, 2000), and is boosted by the finding that many individuals appear to enjoy such work (Cohen Bailey, 1997). Whilst enjoyment in one’s work has importance both for the individual and the workplace, as enjoyment plays a vital role in factors such as staff turnover, from the perspective of the organisation, it must also be productive. One particular focus of teamwork research has been in the field of creativity in the workplace. According to Purser and Montuori (1995) (as cited in Paulus, 2000) the current age of information has placed information sharing and innovation generation within groups in high regard. Is it crucial therefore to understand whether groups can indeed generate creative ideas more successfully than individuals. One of the original pieces of research to be written on group creativity was Osborn’s 1957 procedure of brain storming. Osborn (as cited in Paulus, 2000) devised a specific set of rules concerning ideas generation, and proposed that groups following these rules would generate a far higher rate of ideas than individuals. However, in reality this is not the case. Brainstorming not only fails to outperform individual ideas generation, but many studies indicate it produces fewer ideas than individuals working alone (Mullen, Johnson Salas, 1991). Paulus (2000) proposed a number of factors which may account for this effect. Firstly he suggested that poor performance may be due to overload of group members’ cognitive processes, pointing to the difficulty of generating one’s own ideas whilst attending to others. Secondly, he suggests social factors may be at play. Group members may feel inhibited by the group, anxious to share their ideas freely due to the potential reactions of others. This sense of comparison versus collaboration is further compounded by a tendency for ideas to converge. Simply put, group processes lead to ideas becoming more similar rather than more innovate. Paulus (2000) also points to the phenomena of ‘social loafing’, a term coined in the late 1890’s by Ringelmann designed to explain people in groups exerted less effort than individuals (cited in Latanne Wolf, 1981). Paulus (2000) goes on to suggest that if these factors are carefully counteracted, productivity in brainstorming can be increased, which should be applicable to teamwork. However, such benefits have not been robustly supported by empirical inquiry. Hill (1982) reviewed several studies comparing performance on decision making tasks by individuals and interacting groups, and concluded that most studies demonstrated either no group advantage, or poorer performance than individuals. Similar patterns have been found in experiments involving memory recall (Weldon Bellinger, 1997). Despite this, teamwork has retained its prominence in organisations leading some authors to suggest a mismatch exists between perceptions of teamwork and the reality of their productivity. Allen and Hecht (2004) refer to this as the â€Å"romance of teams† (p. 440). This study was inspired by Allen and Hecht’s concept, and sought to identify its existence within a population of employed individuals and students. Primarily, it sought to determine if perceptions of the benefit of teamwork to creativity were universally positive among the sample. Hypothesis In line with Allen and Hecht’s concept of the ‘romance of teams’, individuals will hold highly positive perceptions of the benefits of teamwork to creativity. Methodology Participants The participants were 40 individuals either enrolled on a university course (n=28) or in employment (n=12), of which 24 were male. Participants were selected at random and received no payment for their participation. Materials The material used in the study was a single questionnaire designed to assess participants’ views on team-working and creativity. The two-page questionnaire was divided into two sections. Section one included basic demographic questions including employment status, gender and age. Section two comprised 10 statements, and required participants to respond to across a 5-point likert scale (ranging from strongly agree to strongly disagree). Procedure Participants were sent copies of the questionnaire and asked to complete them anonymously and return them via the envelopes provided by the research team. An information sheet was also provided to participants which provided details of the research study and provided contact details in the case of any questions. The information sheet also reassured particpants of their confidentiality, and advised particpants that particpation was voluntary. Results Table 1: Percentage of survey respondents in agreement and disagreement with the survey items. SA/A SD/D Survey itemN% N% Working in groups/teams enhances my creativity3075 410 More ideas are generated by individuals working in a team,3280 25 Group/team work can be counter-productive2870 410 I would rate myself as a team player3485 410 Individuals generate more ideas than a group/team1947.5 717.5 Team/group work yields better outcomes2357.5 37.5 After working in a group, it could improve the creativity of individuals2870 12.5 Working in a group can be useful to exchange knowledge and ideas between members3997.5 00 Team members with different types of expertise often have a different way of thinking3485 00 Ideas generated from groups/teams can be ineffective due to overload of information2460 410 Discussion Overall, the results of this study supported the concept of the ‘romance of teams’. Individuals surveyed showed a high level of agreement with the notion that creativity is boosted by teamwork, and this supported the study hypothesis. Specifically, these findings directly support the first premise of Allen and Hecht’s (2004) theory of the ‘romance of teams’; the misplaced faith that teamwork is more effective than individual work. In addition to supporting their theory, this research also builds upon it; Allen and Hecht did not provide any direct evidence for the presumption that individuals and organisations hold teamwork in high regard, instead pointing to the high incidence of teamwork in modern organisations as the basis of their claim. The second premise, that such faith exists despite a lack of scientific support, was not tested in this research. The results also offer some insight into why people may hold such ’romanticised’ views. Two items described specific group factors that increase creativity, and these items returned the highest degrees of agreement from the survey respondents. One item did not support the hypothesis fully (‘Ideas generated from groups/teams can be ineffective due to overload of information’). The majority of respondents either agreed or strongly agreed with this item, providing support for Paulus’ (2000) theory that cognitive overload can diminish group creativity. As mentioned above, this study can not provide any direct evidence for Allen and Hecht’s second premise. It did not include any empirical experiments of teamworking versus individual work on tasks of creativity. It cannot be confidently concluded from the results of this study that a mismatch between the perceived and actual benefits of team work exists. In order to fully support Allen and Hecht’s theory, and provide compelling evidence of such a mismatch, it would be necessary to conduct such empirical experiements with the same sample used in this research. Additionally, this study cannot rule out the possibility that the results were due to sampling bias. The vast majority of the respondents identified themselves as ‘team players’. This indicated a personal preference amongst most of the sample for team work. This personal preference may have biased the results, as it is reasonable to infer that individuals who like to work in teams will be more likely to romanticise teamwork. This could be overcome by replicating the research with a group of participants who do not enjoy working in teams. If the phenomena of the ‘romance of teams’ truly exisits, personal preference for group work should not matter. Regardless of how an individual feels about teamwork, they should still be expected to infer the benefits to creativity. Relatedly, the survey used in this research did not seek to identify the level of experience that respondents had with teamwork. As part of the inclusion criteria was to be either in full time employment or study, it was presumed that the particpants would have had some experience of teamwork. Without adequately controlling for actual experience of teamwork, it is difficult to pinpoint whether the ‘romance of teams’ effect is presumed by all (as suggested by Allen Hecht), or is more prominent in people with less real experience of teamwork. One particular shortcoming of this study was that it did not provide any statistical comparisons. Typically, the use of Likert scales would point to the use of chi square analysis. It would have been advantageous to use a 1?3 chi square table to statistically conclude that a significantly higher number of respondents agreed or strongly agreed with the items than disagreed or strongly disagreed. As outlined above, it would be useful to be able to specify some of the necessary conditions for the phenomena. For example, is the effect stronger in those who enjoy teamworkOr could it be stronger in those with less experience of teamwork (and therefore less exposure to the frustrating aspects of teamwork such as a lack of group cohesion, social anxiety or cognitive oveload)Do males hold more positive views of the benefits to creativity from teamwork than femalesDo younger people who may have had more experience in working in groups during their school education regard teamwork as more beneficial than older peopleFuture research could identify some of these conditions. The survey in this research did include items regarding gender and enjoyment of teamwork, but due to the distribution of responses, the sample sizes were insufficient to compute any between-group differences; the analyses would have lacked sufficient statistical power. Surveying a larger sample in the future would ov ercome this issue. This research provided evidence for the concept of the ‘romance of teams’. Respondents showed positive perceptions of the benefit of teamwork to creativity, despite showing understanding of how teamwork may inhibit creative processes. In order to formulate a more rounded theory of the ‘romance of teams’ further research is necessary to better understand the processes and conditions involved in this phenomena. References Allen, N.J. Hecht, T.D. (2004). The ‘romance of teams’: Toward and understanding of its psychological underpinnings and implications. Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 77, 439 – 461. Cohen, S. G., Bailey, D. E. (1997). What makes teams work: Group effectiveness research from the shop floor to the executive suite. Journal of Management, 23, 239-291. Hill, G. W. (1982). Group versus individual performance: Are N + 1 heads better than onePsychological Bulletin 91, 517–539. Latane, B. Wolf, S. (1981). The social impact of majorities and minorities. Psychological Review 88, (5), 438 – 453. Mullen, B., Johnson, C., Salas, E. (1991). Productivity loss in brainstorming groups: A meta-analytic integration. Basic and Applied Social Psychology 12 3–23. Weldon, M. S., Bellinger, K. D. (1997). Collective memory: Collaborative and individual processes in remembering. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition 23 1160 – 1175. How to cite Do individuals hold ‘romantic’ views of teamwork?, Essay examples

Pharmacy Traditional or Folk Medicine

Question: Discus about the Pharmacy for Traditional or Folk Medicine. Answer: Introduction The traditional or folk medicine or old remedies are considered to be most functional and successful form of medicine. Traditional medicines are collaboration of knowledge system, skills, scientific practices and experiences constructed over generations by various societies and civilisations (Marriott, 2010). With the emergence of modern medicine, these old remedies lost their importance a few years ago. But, now again the old remedies are gaining importance in modern pharmacology as a good and effective source of treatment with almost no side-effect (Pizzorno Murray, 2012). Xu Liu (2013) studied that as per World Health Organization (WHO), the traditional medicine is collaboration of knowledge, practices, skills working on the basis of theories, beliefs, and cultures from indigenous to modern practices for the diagnosis, prevention and management of different illnesses. This study demonstrates the importance of such old remedies or traditional medicine formulation provided by one Greek physician, philosopher, and surgeon known as Claudius Galen or Aelius Galenus. The products or medicines provided by Galenus are known as Galenicals in his honour (Fetrow et al. 2011). This study will involve a deep analysis on Galenical formulations and three specific Galenical ingredients to prove that old remedies work best even as the pharmaceutical product. These Galenical products are a part of old remedies that are effective enough to cure diseases that remain an issue for modern medications (Marriott, 2010). Galenical formulations and ingredients The medicines formed or prepared as per the formulae provided by Galen are known as galenical formulations or Galenical preparations. These galenical preparations are multiple ingredients that are basically the herbal or vegetable matter extracted from crude organic matters with the use of different solvents. These ingredients are used for making different pharmaceutical drugs (Fetrow et al. 2011). These galenical ingredients are basically the herbs and vegetable extracts that are extracted using a specific method or process. The galenical formulations may contain one or multiple ingredients are per specific official formula to form a specific remedy (Pizzorno Murray, 2012). Below described are three galenical ingredients used in different glanical formulations or drugs as a part of the remedy. The manufacturing process, stability and role of these ingredients are described in the essay to understand the importance of old remedies as the effective medicine. Infusion Gentian One of the most popular Glanical ingredients is Gentian compound infusion produced from gentian plant belonging to gentianceae family. Galen applies the Galenical infusion technique to produce Compound Gentian infusion, as per the official formulation provided. Infusions These are basically the crude soft drugs persisting light structure without any dense tissue organisation and contains components that are water-soluble. These infusions can be cut small, powder, freshly broken, powder or thin slice to ensure its compatibility with menstruum. The menstruum used for infusion is cold or boiling water. The infusions are basically of two types that are fresh and concentrated infusions (Marriott, 2010). Fresh infusions These are infusion freshly prepared in the aqueous form of active constituents. The dried form of the crude drug is added to calculated amount of menstruum for definite soak time. Further, the liquid is removed and left out is marc. This liquid contains dissolved fresh infusion. Concentrated infusion Concentrated infusion is prepared by maceration process with alcohol used either as menstruum or preservative. The concentrated compound infusion of gentian is one such Galenical ingredient used in different Galenical formulations as an AIP to form remedy (Fetrow et al. 2011). Manufacture Materials Concentrated Compound gentian Infusion Gentian small cutting 125 grams Dried lemon peel 125 grams Dried orange peel (bitter) 125 grams Alcohol 1200ml Method Gentian, dried orange and lemon is placed in macerate apparatus with 1000ml ethanol for 48 hours. After period of incubation, the liquid is strained and the marc is pressed to get all the dissolved form of required ingredient Further, 200 ml of ethanol is added to the marc and macerated for another 24 hours Add this liquid to the first liquid solution and allow stand for 14 days. Filter the solution to get pure ingredient (Marriott, 2010). Stability in drug This gentian compound infusion (concentrated) is usually stable under normal conditions for utilisation in drug form. It is required to avoid the use of nitric acid, sulphuric acid and oxidising agents when using gentian compound infusion because this ingredient shows harsh reactions with these chemicals. The thermal burning or decomposition is harmful that will release carbon oxides creating a hazardous environment. The stable dosage of gentian infusion is 15 to 30 ml in drug and recommended dosage is 1 to 4 grams/day (Pizzorno Murray, 2012). Role in therapy Gentian infusion is a bitter tasting ingredient generally used in stomach therapy to stimulate gastric secretions Gentian infusion provides strength to the digestive system and helpful in improving appetite Tonic and stomachic activity is performed by this ingredient (Park et al. 2012) Gentian infusion helps in the treatment of gastrointestinal complications like vomiting, heartburn, diarrhoea, stomach ache etc. Gentian infusion is ingredient of drugs used to cure jaundice, inflammation, arthritic and sore throat It is also useful in controlling fever, blood pressure and hysteria Gentian infusion is also used as the home remedy to cure wounds, muscle spasms, parasitic worms, germ killer and as a menstrual initiator. Gentian infusion is used in combination with verbena, elderflower, sorrel, and cowslip flower to cure sinus infections. Gentian infusion is used as multiple ingredients to cure malaria (Pizzorno Murray, 2012). Decoction Cinchona bark The cinchona bark decoction is a popularly known Galenical ingredient that is formed by the process of decoction working as a useful ingredient in different remedial drugs. Decoctions The decoctions are freshly prepared Galenical ingredients formed by boiling crude drug base with water. Decoctions are susceptible to decomposition therefore only the freshly prepared form is used in drug formation. These are drugs of woody and hard nature but are water-soluble ingredients. Cinchona bark or wood is prepared using decoction technique as an active form of Galenical ingredient that basically contains quinine. The quinine is very important AIP used in the cure of various diseases like malaria, leg syndrome etc. (Pizzorno Murray, 2012). The cinchona bark decoctions are prepared following the below-described process. Manufacture In an enamelled earthenware or iron vessel, the 5 sliced plant woods or barks are boiled with 100 to 120 parts of water for the time of 15 minutes under boiling condition. For getting a concentrated form of decoction the liquid allowed to boil for more time as per requirement. The boiled material is allowed to cool at normal room temperature Further, the liquid is strained and marc is pressed to obtain complete liquid extract The decoction liquid is filtered using flannel or muslin cloth and further, water is added to get required volume of decoction (Chakrabarti, 2010). Stability in drug The cinchona barks decoctions are having a clear appearance with prone to evaporation. There are usually less reactive and are stored in cool and dry places away from sunlight. As quinine persist toxic effect, therefore, recommended the dosage of cinchona bark decoction is used as per drug formulation (Fetrow et al. 2011). Role in therapy Cinchona bark decoction is used to cure fever, indigestion It is useful as important ingredient in various gastrointestinal disorders therapies Cinchona bark decoction is also functional to cure general fatigue Cinchona bark decoction is used for developing drugs working as an appetite stimulant and general fatigue cure (Fetrow et al. 2011). The use of cinchona bark decoction for treating fever led to its use in malaria drug formulation providing antipyretic and antimicrobial activity. Xu Liu (2013) indicated that Plasmodium falciparum causing malaria has developed resistance to various malarial drugs except cinchona. Therefore, this is an effective API used to cure malaria. Cinchona bark decoction is useful to cure blood and cardiac disorders anaemia, irregular heartbeat, arrhythmia and varicose veins. It is also used as a remedy for arrhythmia or heart palpitations since 17th century known as the opium of the heart (Golan, Tashjian Armstrong, 2011). Cinchona is workable for curing digestive disorders like anorexia, gallbladder, flatulence, anorexia etc. (Fetrow et al. 2011). Extraction belladonna extract The belladonna extract is considered to be a very important Galenical ingredient having medical values despite its poisonous nature because this extract contains active ingredient atropine (Pizzorno Murray, 2012). Xu Liu (2013) indicated that belladonna extracts obtained from plant Atropa belladonna persist poisonous nature where a very small quantity of this plant can kill human being. Therefore, belladonna extracts that specifically contains atropine only are produced for its medical functionality as a part of treatments. Thus, active ingredient separated from the plant by Galenical formulation work as a Galenical ingredient, used for medical purposes is known as belladonna extract (Godara et al. 2014). Extracts The extracts are galenical ingredient prepared by different methods like maceration, percolation, decoction or maceration to form extracts having medicinal active portions of plants. Belladonna extracts are one such example of Galenical ingredient that contains atropine separated from its plant (Marriott, 2010). Manufacture Take dried leaves in a container and add required amount of water to cover the leaves The active ingredient is water-soluble and will get solubilized in water. Filter the water out of marc, which is named as extract Press the marc to get leftover extract (Golan, Tashjian Armstrong, 2011). Stability in drug Belladonna extracts persist drying effect that leads to its unstable condition when used as a drug. Therefore, belladonna should not be combined with other drying drugs like atropine, scopolamine etc. because this can lead to dry skin, fast heartbeat, low blood pressure etc. (Park et al. 2012). The quantity of belladonna in drug varies as per requirement conditions, health and age of the patient. According to Xu Liu (2013), there is no proper information regarding the stable dosage range of belladonna. Therefore, its use should be avoided minimising the chances of side effects. Role in therapy The belladonna extract shows medical activity despite the poisonous nature of its plant. This extract is used as an ingredient to cure muscle spasms, heart rate improvement, stomach acid reduction, and dilation of eye pupils. This extract is useful to cure bowel syndrome, stomach ulcers, spastic colon, motion sickness and Parkinsons disease. Belladonna extract minimises night-time urination problem (Pizzorno Murray, 2012). Conclusion Galenical ingredients are very useful ingredients working as good source of APIs in the traditional medicine to develop drugs effective for multiple activities (Park et al. 2012). However, it is not necessary that natural medications are always beneficial, sometimes they can cause harm to the body. But surely natural medicines are a great source of drugs to cure diseases that are not curable by modern medication methods. From the above study performed taking the example of Galenical ingredients to justify the statement that old remedies work best it is clear that traditional medicine still remains a heritage of potent and quality pharmaceuticals that can provide a solution for the questions of modern medicine. Galenical ingredients have largely replaced the use of synthetic medication products due to their quality and potency providing a multidimensional cure for different diseases using one specific ingredient. Therefore, it can be stated that old remedies work best still in the era of modern medicine (Marriott, 2010). References Books Fetrow, C. W., Avila, J. R., Fetrow, C. W., Fetrow, Avila. (2011).Professional's handbook of complementary alternative medicines(pp. 282-291). Spring House, Pa, USA: Springhouse Corporation. Golan, D. E., Tashjian, A. H., Armstrong, E. J. (Eds.). (2011).Principles of pharmacology: the pathophysiologic basis of drug therapy. Lippincott Williams Wilkins. Marriott, J. F. (2010).Pharmaceutical compounding and dispensing. Pharmaceutical Press. Pizzorno Jr, J. E., Murray, M. T. (2012).Textbook of natural medicine. Elsevier Health Sciences. Journals Park, H. L., Lee, H. S., Shin, B. C., Liu, J. P., Shang, Q., Yamashita, H., Lim, B. (2012). Traditional medicine in China, Korea, and Japan: a brief introduction and comparison.Evidence-Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine,2012. Xu, S., Liu, P. (2013). Tanshinone II-A: new perspectives for old remedies. Expert opinion on therapeutic patents,23(2), 149-153. Godara, R., Katoch, M., Katoch, R., Yadav, A., Parveen, S., Vij, B., ... Singh, N. K. (2014). In Vitro Acaricidal Activity of Atropa belladonna and Its Components, Scopolamine and Atropine, against Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus.The Scientific World Journal,2014. Chakrabarti, P. (2010). Empire and alternatives: Swietenia febrifuga and the Cinchona substitutes.Medical history,54(01), 75-94.

Makah Indians Essays - Whaling, Animal Rights, Makah, Clallam County

Makah Indians The Makah are a Native Indian tribe who have recently decided to enact their treaty rights, and start to hunt for whales. These actions have caused an uproar in North America. The Natives state that they are not doing anything but exercising their legal rights. Opponents to their hunting of whales argue that the Makah are a group of uncivilized and inhumane individuals, and that they are harming nature. The reportage of the controversy surrounding the Makah can be seen as ethnocentric in many ways. Through the language used by the media involved in the controversy, one can constantly see the Native people being viewed as inhumane savages. In turn, this language allows readers to be sent mixed messages about the Makah and their position in the whaling dispute. Finally, the protestors themselves have contradictory arguments which leads one to question the motivating factors behind their position. In order to fully understand the whaling controversy, it is necessary to understand the history of the Makah. They were a group of Native people who hunted gray whales. As a result of their increased trade with the Europeans, the 'white man' decided to also enter this hunt for the whale. This competition between the Makah and the'white man' lead to the whale coming close to extinction. Due to their love for nature and respect for the whale, the Makah decided to voluntarily refrain from hunting whales. It is important to note however, that in 1855, the Governor of Washington State agreed to the Treaty Of Neah Bay, which gave the Makah a right to hunt for whales. This is what is at the heart of the controversy. The Makah have recently enacted their hunting rights of the whale after seventy years, and are now resuming their hunt for whales. The Makah reasoning is a relatively simple one. In 1946, the gray whale population was 2000, and now their count is over 26,000. They believe that it is safe to hunt for whales again. The Makah have been a group of people who have relied on whale hunting. . They used the blubber from the whale to feed their families, and they used the rest of the whale to provide themselves with shelter and tools. However, their opponents have dismissed this practice of hunting whales as inhumane. Through the language that is being used by the media, one can see Native people being viewed as savages. The language being used is not blatantly discriminatory against the Native people, but is done in a subtle, yet powerful way, in order to evoke a message that Native people are inhumane. One of the reasons for this negative commentary regarding Native people hunting for whales could be due to ethnocentrism. This is the belief that one's own culture is considered to be normal, therefore, other cultures are considered abnormal. The media carefully uses words that show their bias towards the Native People. The media tries to make the Makah look like a band of savages. While writing about a recent anti-whaling demonstration, Peggy Andersen writes, "In a simmering dispute that ended with a scuffle and arrests, angry Makah Indians pelted a protest boat with rocks as the two sides bickered over a tribal plan to hunt gray whales." The wording of this opening paragraph leads the reader to think that it was Makah who were causing trouble, and that they were the one's that were arrested. However, if one were to complete the article, they would realize that this was not the case. Another example of media bias against the Makah people is when Jonathan Dube writes, "As much as it's possible for one dead animal to give new life to an entire nation, that's what has happened here." Dube is implying that it is impossible for an animal that has died to bring life to a nation, however, that is what has occurred. He does not understand how killing this whale could give life to the Makah, and therefore, he conveys this message of doubt to his readers. Dube is indirectly stating that the Makah need to kill in order to have life. Many readers and viewers of the media are being sent mixed messages about the Makah and the whaling situation. As seen above, the media is using certain language that portrays the Makah in an unflattering manner. However, this also has another major impact. The true message, and plight of the Makah is being lost and overshadowed by this harsh, and biased language. People reading newspaper articles probably

Themes of Macbeth

Themes of Macbeth Free Online Research Papers In the Play Macbeth written by William Shakespeare there are many themes, which are fueled by motifs. One of the more popular motifs is blood. Blood represents a lot of things death, revenge, guilt, fear, and life. This is popular because in this play there are many people who are murdered in cold blood. This motif really helps the reader understand what the atmosphere is like. In the second scene of the play, a â€Å"bloody man† delivers the report of Macbeth’s heroic victory. After that we see and hear of much more blood. Like in Act 2 scene 1 when Macbeth kills King Duncan to become king. Macbeth’s hands are covered in Duncan’s blood. He asks himself if all the water in the world can wash away the blood: Will all great Neptunes ocean wash this blood / Clean from my hand? And he answers his own question: No, this my hand will rather / the multitudinous seas incarnadine, / Making the green one red (2.2.57-60). This really tells me that it is a dark moment in the play and that King Duncan has been killed. When reading/watching the play I can see that Macbeth is not really happy with what he has done and is kind of going mad at the thought of it. In Macbeth the showing of blood usually means something bad has or happened. You can figure this out in act one scene four when the apparitions appear; we see blood on two of them. First comes an armed head, then a bloody child that tells Macbeth to Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn / the power of man, for none of woman born / shall harm Macbeth (4.1.79-81). In act five scene one we find Lady Macbeth sleepwalking. She is sleeping because she is probably having a dream about King Duncan’s murder. As the sleepwalking scene continues, Lady Macbeth complains that she cant get the blood off of her hands. What, will these hands neer be clean? (5.1.44), She asks, and then she is devastated when she realizes that the blood will never come out: Heres the smell of the blood still: all the perfumes of Arabia will not sweeten this lit tle hand. O, O, O! (5.1.50-52). With these two quotes it appeared to me as if Lady Macbeth and Macbeth have switched feelings in the play. Lady Macbeth is regretting that she convinced her husband to kill King Duncan, while Macbeth doesn’t refer to it any more. In act five scene two Malcolm and Macduff are marching to Birnam Woods Meinteith is among those in the Scottish forces marching to join the English army at Birnam wood. Menteith says of Malcolm and Macduff, Revenges burn in them; for their dear causes / would to the bleeding and the grim alarm / Excite the mortified man (5.2.3-5). When a frightened servant comes to tell Macbeth of the approach of ten thousand English soldiers, Macbeth is enraged by the servants face, which is pale with fear. He tells the servant, Go prick thy face, and over-red thy fear, / Thou lily-liverd boy (5.3.14-15). When I read this quote I could tell that Macbeth was both going to die or be thrown of the throne and Malcolm was to be the next king. Macduff catches up with Macbeth and challenges him, calling out, Turn, hell-hound, turn! (5.8.3). Macbeth answers, Of all men else I have avoided thee: / But get thee back; my soul is too much charged / with blood of thine (5.8.5-7). Blood is not mentioned again in the scene but it is seen both when Macbeth dies, and when Macduff carries in his head on a pole. The motif Blood drove this play and really made it interesting. It also drove the theme destructive nature on blind ambition because all the murders happened because to help improve Macbeth’s rein as king. Research Papers on Themes of MacbethHonest Iagos Truth through DeceptionComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoMind TravelWhere Wild and West MeetThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayBringing Democracy to AfricaCanaanite Influence on the Early Israelite ReligionCapital PunishmentThe Spring and Autumn

How to prevent identity theft Speech or Presentation

How to prevent identity theft - Speech or Presentation Example While such crimes are easy to commit, their complexity makes them hard to investigate and prosecute them. It calls for each of us to identify-smart and make sure such crimes are stopped from spreading. It is a challenging task, but easy to win. What simply needs to be done is to follow the tips given by the experts, exercise extra care and we shall all be ahead of these identity thieves by a big step. It is a responsibility of each of us to rise to the occasion to prevent identity theft. But before we are ready to take up the task, we need to be informed of what identity theft mean. This paper is a presentation of how to prevent an identity thief. Identity theft, or identity fraud, according to the United States Department of Justice, are terms that are used when referring to all forms of crime in which an individual wrongfully obtains and makes use of personal data of that other person in some way involving deception typically for personal, economic gains (National Crime Prevention Council, 2005). Research has shown that by 2004, there were on average twenty million incidents involving identity theft in the U.S alone (Joseph, 2005). How this happens with all the securities in place, is a question everyone would want to know its exact answer. However, according to a study that was released by two research bodies (Better Business Bureau and Javelin Strategy), in early January 2005, most of the theft do take place offline, which is quite opposite of what majority of people might think (Joseph, 2005). The study found out that online information theft only accounts for about 11.6% of the total identity fraud cases. This, in essence, implies that limiting your use of own computer does not help much. Nonetheless, rushing into grabbing headline scandal that involve theft of thousands of personal records, coupled with the advent of pharming and phishing these involved in the theft might go a long way to the above figures dramatically. The findings of these studies, on the other hand, are extremely troubling. These studies indicate that almost half of the identity thefts are often committed by those people known to the victims. One other study in 2004, reported that on average 655,000 complaints that were registered with the agency, 60 percent were to do with fraud and 40 percent involving complaints of theft identity. Basing on the figures released by this study, the predominant form of identity theft was that of Credit card fraud that accounts for 30 percent of the theft reported. Utilities fraud was ranked second accounting for 20 percent of the identity theft. This was followed by Bank fraud that account for 17percent of identity theft. The FTC, as well conducted some study concerning theft committed on the internet, and it came up with 206,568 as a figure for the internet identity theft. It was also noted that about 89 percent of the victims said they suffered a financial loss, which was averaged at $1,440. Basing on these study Phoenix-Mesa- Scottsdale, Bernardino-Ontario, Las Vegas-paradise, and Riverside-San reported the highest number of identity theft. The FTC found out that of all that reported having been victimized in the U.S 8 percent aged 60 years and above with the largest number, 30 percent, falling in the range between 18 to 30 age group (Joseph, 2005). Following those figures, it becomes clear that identity theft is real and

Globalization of aviation services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Globalization of aviation services - Essay Example This is done in order to create a world economy that is borderless and open. He further defines globalization as the spread of supra-territoriality and explains that it involves reconfiguring geography in such a way that people stop mapping social space wholly in terms of territorial borders, territorial distances and territorial places. Through globalization, one part of the world’s cultural, technological, political, environmental and economic events become significant in other parts of the globe. The major contributors of globalization are improved information technologies, transportation and communication. Globalization also entails the development of transnational corporations and multinational corporations. In aviation, globalization is demonstrated by marketing, technical and commercial coalitions among airlines. It sometimes involves control and ownership issues beyond nationalized boundaries. One of the forces that can impede the globalization of aviation services is protectionism, a system in which countries impose duties on imports or on other countries wanting to set up their industries in them. Despite the fact that the world is drifting from protected and managed trade in most services and goods, aviation industry remains often intensely protected and regulated greatly. This dates back to the end of World War II when the United States failed to attain the open skies goal as part of a liberal post-war order. Other governments resisted the idea since the U.S was the only country that was able to mount a worldwide air transportation endeavor at that time. This opposition against domination of the airways by the United States was strengthened by the argument that skies control was a crucial security matter (Baliles, 1997). Protectionism involves such practices as countries introducing public subsidies into their flag carriers, cabotage which is the restriction of

Zara Technoligy can Change Everything Term Paper

Zara Technoligy can Change Everything - Term Paper Example So he integrated forward, opening the first Zara store in La Coruna in 1975(Mcafee et al., 2007, p.3). The growth of Zara was phenomenal since its establishment in 1975. The success of first Zara store encouraged Ortega to open more clothing stores across Spain. It is often said that the innovation and ability to produce new products and services are decisive factors in boosting the growth of an organization. Zara did succeed in introducing new clothing products and trends in the market quite rapidly. Moreover, Ortega gave more emphasize to the production of new designs based on the rapidly changing industry trends, which helped him to compete effectively in the market. 1985 was a year which has huge importance in the history of Zara. Two major events occurred in this year that changed the entire face of the company. â€Å"First, Inditex (Industria de Diseno Textil) was formed as a holding company atop Zara, other retail chains and a network of internally owned suppliers. Second, Jo se Maria Castellano Rios joined the company† (Mcafee et al., 2007, p.3). Being an expert in IT, Castellano did everything possible to incorporate computer related technologies at every corners of the company. He had realized that without computers and internet, no industry can look forward and he changed the face of the company from a low end clothing company to a high end technology based clothing company. It should be noted that the net margin of Inditex increased from 7.21% to 11.2% during the period of 1996 to 2002 (Mcafee et al., 2007, p.16). The above statistics clearly suggest that the company is growing in the right direction since the introduction as a result of the innovative business strategies and the judicious use of technology in all the functional departments. â€Å"At the beginning of 2003, Inditex operated 1,558 stores in 45 countries, of which nearly 550 were part of the Zara chain. For its fiscal-year 2002, Inditex had posted a net income of A438 millionâ⠂¬  (Mcafee et al., 2007, p.5). The growth of Zara can be better understood with the help of Michael Porter’s five forces model. Zara and Porter’s five forces model Michael Porter’s famous five forces model is used extensively at present in business sectors to analyze the competitive power of an organization in the market. It helps business people to realize their strengths and weaknesses. Since market is changing rapidly because of the rapid technological growth, no organization can secure their top spot in the market, if they are reluctant in making periodical changes in their business strategies. For example, the rivalry between Apple and Microsoft is famous. Even though Microsoft concentrated only in the operating system market, Apple diversified its portfolios to many other fields and they became the most valuable technology company in the world at present, pushing Microsoft far behind. In other words, organizations should make changes in their business st rategies based on the changes in the market in order to keep their competitive power intact all the time. Porter’s five force model helps organizations to measure their competitive power at a given time period. Porter model can be used to foresee the future threats and opportunities and the organizations can plan well accordingly. According to Michael Porter, five competitive forces that may affect an organization are; Threat of substitute products, Threat of new entrants, Intense rivalry among existing players, Bargaining power of suppliers and Bargaining power of Buyers (Porter’s Five Forces Model, 2009). The following illustration makes these points clearer. (Porter’

Womens Democracatisation and Democracy in India

Womens Democracatisation and Democracy in India Problematising Democracatisation and Democracy in India Visions of political development demands/desires democracy and participation as innate to its discourse. Development in this sense thus needs democratic decisions making, informed and active civil society and inclusive political structure to reach its goal. In the Indian context the process of democratization with inclusive participation is desired through the 73rd- 74th amendment Act of Indian constitution, 1992. The Act fosters the strengthening of local government by creating opportunities for inclusive participation. It provides rights to Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes and women, the most marginalised in the hierarchical Indian society to participate in local government. Aiming to redress the gender and caste inequities the Act provides 33% reservation to the aforementioned categories to participate in local bodies. Post implementation of the Act that has now passed sixteen years, womens participation has been remarkably visible. This has recently resulted in Union cabinet approving a proposal of a constitutional amendment bill for increasing quota (50%) for women in Panchayats at all tiers (DNA 29th August, 2009). Media reports estimate more than 1.4 million women to occupy 2,52,000 Panchayat seats in future. It also states, at present out of the total elected representatives of panchayat numbering around 2.8 million, 36.87% are women. The Panchayat raj ministry report indicates a significant role played by reservation in bringing women into mainstream (ibid). According to this report, about four-fifth of all women representatives in panchayat elections got elected from reserved seats and about 83% of them entered politics through quota. Positive impact of entering politics and working as a panchayat raj functionary is visible as 79% of women representatives reported better self-esteem, 81% rep orted confidence building and 74% stated increase of decision-making abilities (ibid). Such a positive report gives a picture of better and inclusive governance that India is moving towards by applying gender and development approach. This step foresees increased active-participation of women in public sphere and their empowerment. However, we need to look critically at the political participation that is envisioned and the actual implementation. Would political participation also facilitate womens participation at decision-making? What would participation entail especially for Dalit women in terms of the dire consequences of their earnest assertion to realize their rights? What is the role that the 73rd Amendment Act envisages for Scheduled Caste and what is the role they end up playing? At the backdrop of increased efforts from the state for inclusive governance these are the lines of enquiry I intend to draw upon.   Dr. Ambedkar in the constituent Assembly, 1948 expressed his views on Indian villages What is a village but a sink of localism, a den of ignorance, narrow mindedness and communalism? (Mathew,G. Nayak,R.1996: 1). He questioned the why should the village become the locus of the political structure?(Palanithurai 2003: 27) Villages ruled by its dominant elites and upper caste have been very conservative and are based on traditional caste structure. Local self government thus would reinforce the villages as unites of elite captures exploiting the downtrodden at grassroots. Problem Statement/Justification/Purpose of research: Sixteen years of the passing of the 73rd constitutional amendment Act has brought about a remarkable change in local governance. The formal participation and involvement of Dalit and women has increased in local politics. At this juncture there is a need to undertake a reality check. Does formal participation means actual representation of Dalit women? Is the process of political participation inclusive and empowering? Does assertion of Dalit women leads to violence against them as they are not meant to participate actively? The paper looks at Dalit womens experiences of political participation in panchayat raj and its impact on their empowerment. My interest in the issue of Dalit women comes from a number of different sources. First, from a personal experience as inter alia a Dalit woman. I, see several facets to the Dalit womens experiences having been brought up with this identity and being from the same background. Secondly, experience of working with civil society organisations on Gender Justice and rights of Dalit women during the graduation as a part of field work, internship with CHR and volunteering in Dalit movement in India drew my attention to Dalit womens issues more prominently. During the process I met Dalit women activists from rural Maharashtra working at grass-roots and saw the constant problems they faced for they challenged the systemic oppression. The intersectionality of caste and gendered hierarchy that gets intensified as Dalit women enter the public sphere came forward as a new learning. The socio-cultural positioning and significantly the caste-class-gender interplay make Dalit womens experiences specific. I therefore wanted to document the experiences of Dalit women who enter the public sphere for the first time through formal mean such as political participation. Finally and most importantly my focus on Dalit womens political participation in Panchayat is because at policy level although the introduction of reservation to marginalised groups (Women, SCs, STs) at local body envisions inclusive democracy and better governance, in practice the local level politics is a crudest unit of oppression. Thus the need to study Dalit womens experiences of political participation arose from my own understanding and experience of the issue as well as Specificity of Being Dalit Women: Intersectionality Dalit women in India today number 80.517 million or approximately 48% of the total Dalit population, 16% of the total female population and 8% of the total Indian Population (Irudayam et al., 2006:1). Dalit women face discrimination on a daily basis, as a Dalit, as women and as a poor they are in extremely vulnerable position (National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights 2006:1). Dalit women make majority of unorganised labourer in urban settings and landless labourers in rural. Systemic violence against Dalit women can be seen as a mechanism to keep Dalit in a subordinated position. It is built in to the structure of the dominant society, which does not acknowledge the basic human rights of Dalit in general and Dalit women in particular. There is a clash between the expected role of Dalit women and the role they achieve because of the differential ways in which they negotiate their social status and gender norms. The new public role that the 1992 Act assigns them generates a clash betwee n traditional norms and the achieved political rights of Dalit women. Dalit women who have the ambition to occupy a political position frequently encounter resistance from the society. General discouragement becomes violence as soon as they show too much initiative, speak up and gain support from the larger community. Political participation for Dalit women is seen as a threat by the dominant caste groups. Dalit womens entry in politics is perceived as them securing entitlement to public resources. Strong Casteist and patriarchal biases against Dalit result in violent attacks, restraining Dalit women from exercising their rights through various mechanisms. There fore at academic level, I believe there is an urgent need to study the experiences of Dalit women participating in politics. It is at the village level that caste and gendered hierarchy plays out in crudest forms) With this premise I form objectives of my study the broad objective being: Study the experiences of Dalit womens right to political participation in rural Panchayat Raj system. I have following specific objective for the study: Explore the factors that restrain or facilitate participation of Dalit women in rural Panchayat Raj. Examine the impact of political participation on Dalit women in Panchayat Raj. Study the empowerment process of Dalit women through the political participation in Panchayat Raj. To suggest recommendations for effective participation of Dalit women in Panchayat Raj Research Question: Based on the objectives of study I formulated my research question for the enquiry What are the experiences of Dalit women participating in panchayat raj? Has the political participation impacted Dalit womens empowerment? What have been the attributing/restraining factors for the empowerment of Dalit women? What are the achievements of their political participation for themselves and for the Dalit community they represent and for the society in general? Feminist approach: Within feminist social science research, qualitative data, in particular in-depth interviews have  ´held a prominent place in the history of feminist inquiry ´ (Rabinowitz and Martin, 2001:44 in Kitzenger2003:126). Focus groups methods are also employed along with such talk about experiences. These are self-report methods. My choice of topic and feminist orientation required to utilize this method. This goes back to second wave of feminism (1970s) that emphasized the reclaiming and validation of womens experiences through listening womens voices (Kitzenger, 2003:125, Kirsch, 1999:4). The personal experiences of women have also been recognized in political context since then. Further Feminist social science researcher made it general to base their studies on womens voices and experiences. In fact feminist researches aimed at listening to womens different voices ´ (Gilligan, 1982 in Kitzenger, 2003:126) and  ´to address womens lives and experiences in their own terms, to create theory grounded in the actual experiences and language of women (DuBois, 1983: 108 in Kitzenger, 2003:126). With this historical reference I decided to apply feminist approach a most suitable analytic framework in my study of Dalit women sharing their experiences of Political participation. Methodology: This section methodology brings out the processes through which data is collected, collated, analyzed and interpreted. This is aimed at increasing the reliability of the study for the further validation as research is performed in order to be used. The study primarily adopts a qualitative approach as it helps to understand the subject of study through the experiences of the Dalit women. The paper focuses on the political participation and its impact on Dalit women.   It attempts to look critically at political participation of Dalit women and the trends of political participation at local level since the 73rd amendment Act, 1992. It does it so by documenting experiences of Dalit women and analyzing the complexities involved due to caste-class-gender interplay in the political participation process of Dalit women. These questions will only be answered by talking to Dalit women who have participated in the political processes. A systematic and comprehensive documentation of Dalit womens experiences at local governance is thus needed. For this purpose I decided to conduct a focused study based on qualitative primary data collected through field work. Methodology is one of the important sections of my research paper as the process of qualitative enquiry through field work has taught me more about my research topic along with the literature. After a considerable thinking process I decided that the method should be suitable to the research questions that I intend to address. As the research focuses on Dalit womens experiences the best method was to record their experiences through in-depth interviews. I intentionally kept the interviews unstructured as its being qualitative in nature, provides greater breadth. In-depth unstructured interviews allow researcher to explore a theme without being restricted to a series of questions. I being from a Dalit community and having worked on the Dalit womens issues came to my advantages as the discussions with Dalit women were focused at the same time gave scope to them to talk out their experiences without any hindrances. The rapport building and trust was achieved very easily. I lived in the f ield place with respondents and in special cases (there are three main cases) I stayed with the respondents for more than two days in order to understand and document the various dimensions involved in political participation of Dalit women. I used a question guideline that was formulated through the discussion with the expert in the field of research methodology and local governance[1] Sampling: The purposive (non-probability) sampling was utilized based on focus of my study to document and assess the experiences of Dalit womens political participation in local politics. Intentional and directed selection of Dalit women at grassroots politics was employed.   CHR, SPMM activists helped me identify data. Only one woman declined to give interview. The reason she declined itself interprets the problem faced by Dalit woman, I was informed by the activists that she Eighteen Dalit women in total were identified from three blocks of Beed district out of ten blocks and one block of Latur district. I selected ten out of eighteen Dalit women on the basis of sampling objectivity and representation of differences within Dalit women. Also, their diverse experiences of political participation were considered.   The sample was based on following interconnecting criteria. Panchayats at village level (Gram-Panchayats) newly elected Scheduled caste women President at village level SC women who had been Ex-Presidents Dalit women serving more than one tenure Dalit woman who tried but not succeeded in accessing panchayat post Cases where no-confidence motion was exercised on the Dalit women presidents Cases where abuse, beating up and atrocity inflicted Success-stories of active participation Finally 9 Dalit women from Beed District and one from Latur district of Marathwada region were selected. Three cases emerged as a main focus during my field work due to the special experiences of respondents. Though the sample was purposive I balanced sub-castes within scheduled castes by having respondents from Mahar and Mang (major scheduled castes of Maharashtra). Efforts were taken to include respondents with wide range of age in this study. Data collection: In the month of July, 2009 I visited the identified field place, Beed District, Marathwada region, Maharashtra. I already had established contacts with a human rights organization Campaign for Human Rights in Beed and its sister organization, Savitribai Phule Mahila Mandal (SPMM) which works on the issue of gender justice and womens empowerment through self help group.   With the consultation of Manisha Tokle (The founding secretary of SPMM) and Ashok Tangade (National secretary of CHR) I identified potential respondents from the selected blocks of Beed Distict. They also put me in contact with the field workers of CHR who handled these blocks. Manisha, Ashok and field workers gave me enriched information based on their field work experiences. Being well-versed with the area made them experts in the psycho-social behavior of people and the cultural challenges. Their guidance and discussions after interviews has been very important as something new would always emerge out of these d iscussions which I might not had thought during the interview. Their interpretations of the cases gave me crystallized views.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   CHR field activists from respective blocks accompanied me for every interview. They worked as informants. Their good rapports with the respondents, understanding of the region and the cultural meanings made my task easier. My own background being a Dalit woman was helpful in getting support from the respondents, establishing rapport and gaining their trust. In-depth unstructured interviews were recorded on the digital voice recorder. I maintained notes during and after every interview which helped me over come the problems in data analysis. The documentation of experiences of women was backed by my notes and suggestions from the field workers who discussed their interpretations after every interview. Informed consent: Before using the recorder I fully informed the respondents about the purpose of my study and the necessity to use the recorder Pictures of the respondents and the evidentiary documents wherever needed were taken for documentation. Interviews with expertise/ Key-Informants: I also consulted my ideas and paper with expertise as well as I interviewed key informants to gather their experiences in the field, on the issue FGD Area of study: The area of study was identified based on the characteristics of the region. The Marathwada region of the Maharashtra state was selected for the very peculiar reasons. First, Marathwada region being one of the most backward, feudal and atrocity prone regions of the Maharashtra state, second, a very special history of Dalit movement and violence against Dalits in the region and very importantly the right based work of Human rights organisations such as CHR, SPMM for the Dalit and womens upliftment. According to the first hand investigation and identification of cases I selected the following Blocks in Beed District and I took one exceptional case from Latur district that comes in Marathwada region itself.   1.1 Introduction The paper looks at how Dalit women, compared to women in general, are a different entity when they participate in Indias local self-governing institutions, known as Panchayat Raj Institutions. The 73rd Amendment of the Constitutional Act 1992, came into force in April 1993, providing an opportunity for Dalits and women – the most marginalised in the hierarchical Indian society – to participate in local-body elections at the village level. The Act, seeking to redress gender and caste inequities in rural India, provides 33% reservation to women, Scheduled Castes, and Scheduled Tribes in local bodies. Within this 33%, Dalit women are provided reserved seats on a rotating basis (meaning, every five or ten years the constituencies reserved for dalits and women are changed). After more than 15 years of the Act, Dalit and Dalit womens participation has been remarkably visible. However, we need to look critically at the term participation and what it entails—especially i n terms of the consequences dalit women face when they earnestly assert their rights. What is the role that the 73rd Amendment Act envisages for women and what is the real role they end up playing? There is a clash between the expected role of women and Dalit women because of the differential ways in which they negotiate their social status and gender norms. The new public role that the 1992 Act assigns them generates a clash between traditional norms and the achieved political rights of Dalit women. Violence exercised against women, and specifically against Dalit women, when they participate in political work, in indicative of the stratifications that obtain in the Indian social order. Vulnerably positioned at the bottom of Indias caste, class and gender hierarchies, Dalit women experience endemic gender and caste discrimination and violence as the outcome of severely imbalanced social, economic and political power equations (Irudayam et al 2006, pp.3). Within the oppressive social structure Dalit women become victim of violence if they transgress their rights and try to challenge their lower status. As gender violence, like any violence there are contexts, in relation to violence against Dalit women, the nature and dynamics of these contexts, relating to power and force, make them vulnerable and functions as a constrain to their agency and voice. This structural violence is an outcome of gender based inequalities perpetuated by patriarchal power relation also shaped, compounded and intensified by caste discrimination. Violence acts as a crucial social mechanism to maintain Dalit womens caste-gender subordination to men and that of the dominant caste men thereby subjugating both Dalit women and through them their community. Violence against women is gender-based and gender biased (Irudayam et al., 2006: 17) in the sense it the devaluates womens status in social order perpetuated by patriarchy and justified on the basis of perceived differences between male and female sexuality. In Indian context the caste ladder descending from purity to pollution, purest Caste men being on the top of the ladder whereas the polluted caste placed on the lower rung women are pushed even further down to the lowest rung. It works against their integrity as an individual; this is a violation of womens rights, such as their identity as a woman and dignity as an individual. Therefore violence in this sense means denial of rights as an individual and hindering womans development at various levels of integrity, as an Individual, as a woman in a family, a woman belonging to certain community and culture. Norwegian sociologist Johan Galtung defines Violence as avoidable insult to basic human needs; he identifies the basic human ne eds as survival, well-being, identity, and freedom (Galtung 1990 pp 292). 1.2 Being a Dalit and a Woman:   Caste-Gender Nexus Dalit women face collective and public threat or act of violence which discourage them from demanding their rights, it is effects of structures on individual agency that results in the gap between potential and actual fulfilment of rights. Retaliatory violence is exercised in response to dalit womens assertions for their rights by defying caste, untouchability norms or asserting their rights to cultural, economic and political resources. Dominant caste women tend to be subjected to violence more within the family due to strict control over their sexuality and freedom of movement again due to the caste factors, in order to preserve the purity and status of their caste. There have been movements through out the country making Dalits aware of their rights and also there have been feminist movements in India which took up issues of women subordination however looking at Dalit women as an imagined category (Rao, 2003: 1) and analysing the premises which prevent them from exercising their agency is yet the area of exploration. Imagining Dalit women as a different category as Bhagvat mentions is needed, because these feminist movements and Dalit movements lack a critical dimension from Dalit womans standpoint. Guru emphasises on this Point while he talks about politics of difference to bring out the specificity of Dalit womens subjugation. This subjugation is characterised by their experience of two distinct patriarchal structures a Brahmanical form of patriarchy that deeply stigmatizes Dalit women because of their caste status, as well as the control by Dalit men over the sexual and economic labour of their women (Guru in Rao 2003: 1). Political Participation for women means securing their entitlement to public resources, the economic resources they will avail as a result of participation for them and their community, the social and political benefits such as Development of the Dalit community in village, implementation of government schemes for Dalit more democratically due their representation.   With the strong patriarchal biases against women and marginalised Dalit, the dominant caste male members would not want these sections to equally enjoy the resources over which they had monopoly since long. There has a lot been written and debated around political participation of women and Dalits, conclusions are made that there has been fairly good representation in terms of number but the mere participation doesnt help these sections to exercise their rights. Nature of participation and effectiveness of the act has been assessed too, although with limited vision of looking only at the quantitative aspect of political participation. Very little has been studied on the gender-Caste nexus which denies the right of economic, political, social liberties to Dalit community as a whole and Dalit women within it. Political participation through Panchayat Raj Institution has given space for women to come out and talk about their grievances. The reservation has limited itself to space creation even though it implied the empowerment of women and there by making them equal partners in enjoyment of political, social, economical resource. It is seen that the oppressive social structures have reaffirmed their superiority by attacking women through new ways of oppression such as criminalisation of politics, starting right from the election process to making women mere proxies of their male counterparts. Violence in the process of Political participation to ensure womens non- participate and exercise their agency is a crucial aspect to study and to enhance policies which will cut across the structural inequalities of caste-class-gender and give dalit women an equal status. I want to study Violence experienced by women at different levels of participation and look at the specificity of violence experienced by Dalit women being trice oppressed due to their marginalised status as a Dalit, as a woman and as a lower class. Doing so my focus is at specificities of violence, Violence faced by women in general which is within their families and is built around the family prestige, there by controlling womens sexuality for the purity of their lineage and superior status. whereas dalit women not only face violence from their own family and community also from the dominant caste forces who ensure their superiority and control over resources by keeping the Lowest strata at its place who according to them are worth no social, economical and political rights. 1.3 Problem Statement According to the 2001 census there are 167 million Dalits (referred to the census as scheduled castes) in India, who remain vulnerable to discrimination, exploitation, and violence because of their socially marginal position assigned by Hindu social order. Indias hidden apartheid relegates Dalits to a life time of segregation and abuse. Caste-based divisions continue to dominate in housing, marriage, employment, and general social interaction—divisions that are reinforced through economic boycotts and physical violence (Hidden Apartheid 2007). The dalit woman faces Caste, Class and Gender discrimination because she is an untouchable, of a poor class and is a woman.   (National Campaign on Dalit Human Rights 2006) Dalit women in India today number 80.517 million or approximately 48% of the total Dalit population, 16% of the total female population and 8% of the total Indian Population (Irudayam et al., 2006). They make majority of unorganised labourer in urban settings and landless labourers in rural. They face discrimination on a daily basis, as a Dalit, as women and as a poor they are in extremely vulnerable position. Systemic violence against Dalit women can be seen as a mechanism to keep Dalit in a subordinated position. It is built in to the total structure of the dominant society, which does not acknowledge the basic human rights of Dalit in general and Dalit women in particular. The 73rd -74th Amendments, former being for rural local bodies and later for urban local councils brought about radical changes in womens representation in local bodies. The method of co-option where women are elected for the reserved seats on the consensus of the members of local panchayat body or nomination, Balwant Rai Mehta committee report proposed two women representatives each from Scheduled caste and scheduled tribe to be co-opted, these two procedures through which womens representation was ensured hitherto in the local bodies, has changed. Under the previous system, womens representation in local bodies was low and most women nominated to these bodies could hardly perform any functions. All the states except for Bihar (Santha, 1999) had conducted the elections to the local bodies in accordance with the 73rd-74th Amendments act, 1992 and almost one million women have been elected to the Panchayat Raj institutions and urban local bodies (I am focusing only at 73rd constitutio nal amendment act 1992 and PRIs and not on urban councils covered by the 74th Amendment, where he dynamics are different). This brought about a social change in terms of the traditional role of women; which used to be to take care of house hold chores and raise children and be inside the four walls all her life. Womens political empowerment finally seemed to be receiving some attention from both government and non-government organisations. Serious efforts are being made towards documenting womens political participation although it is limited to the Local self government. Questions of feasibility remain unanswered such as womens active participation, hidden domination (gender blindness) for instance in the budgeting process but also even in considering women as political entities, many treated women elected through reservation as a temporary members in Local body. The consequences of assertion resulting in discouragement, fragmentation and discrimination inflicting violence are yet to explore. Violence against Dalit women is utilised to deny them opportunities, choices and freedoms at multiple levels, undermining not only dalit womens dignity and self respect, but also their right to develop. An intersectional caste violence and atrocities against Dalit women occur at two levels: as an inherent part of the caste system whereby violence is utilised to reinforce caste norms and Dalit women are seen as legitimate target for all forms of violence, especially sexual violence, and when they transgress caste norms, such as caste endogamy or untouchability norms, or assert their rights over resources, public spaces or cultural spaces. In other words, the process of Dalit womens empowerment itself is perceived as a challenge to caste and patriarchal structures, and provides fertile ground for punitive violence committed by dominant castes. (Irudayam et al., 2006) Factors such as socio-cultural notion of womens role act as impediments in effective political participation hindering political empowerment of Women; When it comes to Dalit women these factors play much intense role and are specific for Dalit women due to their social status, denial and even no recognition to Dalit womens political rights result into violence. Cases such as denial from villagers for flag hoisting by Dalit women councillors on Independence Day, not being allowed to sit on the chair along with other members let alone talking in the meeting, Ignoring while they talk, use of abusing and discriminatory language, and humiliation on daily basis are experienced by most of the Dalit women who participate as elected members in local political arena. After encountering this reality one would question that would the thousands years old socially, culturally, economically and most importantly politically entrenched patriarchal caste system ensured the representation of disadvantaged groups in politics?   1.4 Rationale: Being a Dalit and a Woman My interest in the issue of Dalit Women comes from several different sources; first and foremost me being a Dalit woman. Being brought up with this identity and background, I got exposure to the problem faced by elders of the family and community. I feel my study would contribute in critically assess structural inequality causing Dalit suppression and specifically of the Dalit women in local politics. In the name of social discipline, social balance and to maintain this social balance, Dalits in general and Dalit wom

Computer Ethics Essay -- Ethics Morals Morality

As of September 2003, there were approximately 70 million Americans or about 62 percent of the American population had at least one home computer. Another statistic is that about 55% of people also have internet on there home computers. In everyday life it is important for a person to have good ethics; this is also true about computer usage. Due to the fact that more then half of the American population owns computers, computer ethics are a growing concern in a rapidly changing society. Computer ethics can be broken down in to many topics including piracy, hacking, viruses, spam, phishing, and responsibility of use of software, cyber porn, and invasion of privacy and the use of the computer in the work place. Also there are many issues both moral and professional that a person who uses a computer might face. Piracy which by definition is reproduction, distribution and use of software without permission of the owner of copyright, poses some serious ethical problems. The free exchange of copyrighted materials is piracy as it undermines the ability of copyright holders (and their representatives) to control the sale and distribution of goods to which theyÂâ€"and only theyÂâ€"own the rights. Probably the best known and most widely practiced form of piracy is the distribution of copyright protected music files via popular file sharing programs such as Kazaa and Limewire. As bandwidth increases, the "sharing" of movies and television shows on the Internet is likely to increase as well. Although file sharing is quite common, that does not mean it is okay. Another ethical problem with computers is hacking. Hacking is the computer equivalent of breaking and entering. A computer hacker uses his or her skills to gain unauthorized access t... ...rious consequences could surface which could ultimately lead to a loss of ones job. There are certain times and places were looking at different websites is ok and other times were it is just not acceptable. As previously mentioned, computer ethics in some peoples eyes greatly changed based on were the computer you are on is located. There is a completely different set of ethics for work computers. Not only do ethics come into play in workplace with computer use but so do morals. It is very important for a person to be able to know the fine line between what is ok for work and what is not acceptable. This can vary from harassment through things like email to just visiting the wrong kinds of site. In my research I have found that many companies are actually coming up with ethical commandments for the work place to further define the line between right and wrong.